Geography
Iraq is located in the southwestern Asia, in the heart of the Middle East. The capital city Baghdad is the second largest city among the Arab nations next to Cairo. The country is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the West.
 
Iraq has four main topographical regions. The desert zone in the west of Iraq and southwest is part of the Syrian Desert. The upland region occupies most of Iraq’s northern part, starting from about 120 north of Baghdad and including the watersheds of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Syrian border, the region is distinguished by deep river valleys.
 
Iraq is recognized to be one of the oldest civilizations in the world alongside with Ancient Egypt, it was formerly known as Mesopotamia or “the land between the rivers”. On the fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, it is believed that the first human civilization has flourished here. By the year 4000 BC, the Sumerians had established the earliest-known cities and government institutions. Writing, mathematics, and science also began in Sumer. One of the most famous literary works that emerge from this tradition are the Epic of Gilgamesh (an Akkadian hero tale) and The Thousand and one Nights (a collection of Arab folktales).
 
The population of Iraq is about 40 million (as June 2020). Majority of the Iraqis are about 95 percent Muslim. The remaining population practices Christianity and other faiths, including a small population of Jews. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish, although Turkish, Assyrian and Armenian are also spoken here.
 
Best Time to Visit
Spring and autumn are the best months to visit within the months of March-May and October-November. You may visit the northern or eastern part of the country during the summer time or between the months of June-September to avoid the extreme heat. 
 
Dress Code
Iraq is a conservative country with a predominantly Muslim population, and it's important to dress modestly and respectfully when visiting. In general, it is best to avoid wearing shorts or any low-cut dresses. We recommend to wear modest or conservative clothing when visiting the country. Women do not need to wear headscarf, but you may consider bringing one if you’re visiting religious sites or mosques. Wear comfortable, closed-toe shoes that are suitable for walking, especially if you plan to visit historical sites or walk on uneven terrain.
If travelling on cooler months between December-February, pack some warm clothing such as jackets or coat.
 
Health & Safety
Check with your country's government travel advisory service to get up-to-date information about the current situation in Iraq. These advisories will provide insight into security concerns, travel restrictions, and potential risks. Travelling across Iraq can be extremely dangerous due to the volatile security situation and very high risk of violence, armed conflict, kidnapping and terrorist attack. It's advisable to avoid regions with active conflicts and high-security risks.
 
Ensure you have the necessary visas and documentation required for entry into Iraq. Some areas might have additional requirements.
 
There are no mandatory vaccinations required, but it is advisable to have universal vaccinations up to date. The risk of cholera is possible and it is better to wash your hands very frequently, drink bottled water and eat well cooked food when you’re in Iraq. You must protect yourself against mosquitoes as
insect-borne diseases are common. Bring basic first aid kid, as much as possible.  
 
When travelling to Iraq, consider availing a comprehensive travel insurance that includes provision of medical evacuation by air. Health facilities in major cities are limited. In remote areas, they are very basic or might not be available. If in case you are seriously ill or injured, you will need medical evacuation.
 
If your country's embassy or consulate is present in Iraq, consider registering your travel plans with them. This can help embassy officials assist you in case of emergencies. Have a reliable means of communication, such as a local SIM card, to stay connected with local contacts and emergency services.
 
Currency Information
The official currency of Iraq is Iraqi Dinar (IQD). Banknotes are in denomination of ID 25,000, 10,000, 5000, 1000, 500, 250 and 50. Coins are in denominations of ID100 and 25.US. Dollars and euros are the easiest foreign currencies to exchange and you may do this at commercial banks and exchange bureaus. Keep an eye on exchange rates and fluctuations, as they can impact the value of your currency when exchanged for Iraqi Dinars.
While credit cards are becoming more accepted in larger cities and upscale establishments, their use can still be limited in many places across Iraq. It's recommended to carry sufficient cash for daily expenses, especially in areas with limited infrastructure. Access to ATMs might be available in major cities, but they might not always work reliably or be widely accessible in more remote or less developed areas.
 
Tipping
Tipping is not common or not expected in Iraq. For some it might be viewed as an insult by the service provided. In restaurants, 10 percent of service charge is already included, but if you feel that you were provided an excellent service you may leave up to 10 percent of the bill. Both hotels and bars do not expect tips as well.
 
Photography
When visiting sites in Iraq taking photos is possible. But be reminded that it is illegal to photograph or film government buildings, check point, military bases and embassies. If taking a photo with a local, you need to ask permission first.
 
Internet Access
Every hotel has free Wi-Fi in Iraq, though the speed is not great but it does work for social media and emails. There are no internet restrictions in Iraq and social media is not blocked in Iraq so need for VPN.
 
Alcohol
Iraq is a predominantly Muslim country, and Islamic law and alcohol is generally not widely available or openly consumed in Iraq due to religious and cultural norms. The sale and consumption of alcohol are restricted, and you might find it difficult to find places that serve alcoholic beverages, especially in public areas. Alcohol might be available on some touristic hotels and restaurants. Drinking any alcoholic beverages in public places is prohibited.
 
Climate
The climate in Iraq is mainly the continental, subtropical type, with the north and north-eastern mountainous regions having Mediterranean climate. Rainfall is very seasonal and occurs in the winter from December to February, except in the north and northeast where the rainy season is from November to April. Hot and dry season is from May to October with temperatures as high as 45°C in June-July.
 
Electricity
For Iraq there are three associated plug types, types C, D and G. Plug type C is the plug which has two round pins, plug type D is the plug which has three round pins in a triangular pattern and plug type G is the plug which has three rectangular pins in a triangular pattern. Iraq operates on a 230V supply voltage and 50Hz.
 
Tourism in Iraq
As an Arab nation, the most popular type of tourism in Iraq is religious tourism. Below are some of the famous cities that are visited by most tourist.
 
Najaf is in central Iraq about 160km south of Baghdad and is considered the third holiest city of Shia Islam. It is the home of the sacred shrine of the 4th Caliph of Islam Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (kaw) cousin and son-in-law of Proohet Mohammad (pbuh).
 
Karbala also located in central part of Iraq about 88 km southwest of Baghdad. The city’s religious significance comes from the Battle of Karbala. The battle occurred on the bared desert on the way to Kufa where the Shi’i leader and grandson of the prophet Muhammad, Husayn ibn Ali and his brothers Abbas ibn Ali were buried. Husayn’s tomb is one of the most significant Shi’I shrines and pilgrimage center.
 
Baghdad, the country’s capital city has always been a center point of cultural, commercial and political in Islamic world. Main sights that are located at the city are the Al Shaheed Monument, Baghdadi Museum, Abu Hanifa Mosque, Hatra Ruins and National Museum of Iraq.
 
Iraq also has four World Heritage Sites that are recognized by the UNESCO and these are the following: Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat), Erbil Citadel, Hatra, and Samarra Archaeological City.
 
Responsible Travel
- Take the time to learn about Iraq's history, religion, culture, and current affairs. This will enrich your experience and help you understand the context of your visit.
- Be open-minded and show respect for the local way of life. Engage with locals in a friendly and courteous manner.
- Follow restrictions imposed by the local authorities and seek local advice on any changes to curfews.
- Stay updated on the security situation and follow any travel advisories from your government. Prioritize your safety and adhere to local regulations.
- Always remain vigilant and alert to your surroundings.
- Road travel is dangerous. Risks include roadside bombs, attacks at checkpoints and robberies. If you need to travel by road, get professional security advice from a reputable company.
- Whenever possible, choose locally owned accommodations, restaurants, and services to contribute to the local economy.
- Purchase locally made crafts, products, and souvenirs as a way to support local artisans.
- Conserve water and energy, especially in regions where resources might be limited.
- Learning a few basic phrases in the local language can go a long way in building connections and showing respect to the local people.